Access to queries and actions on databases is enabled through?

Access to queries and actions on databases is predominantly enabled through programmatic methods. These methods include database management languages, such as SQL (Structured Query Language), which allow developers and applications to interact with the database programmatically. By using these programmatic commands, users can write scripts or use applications to execute complex queries, manipulate data, and perform administrative tasks without the need for manual input through a user interface.

While manual user interfaces and network protocols also play a role in accessing databases, the core mechanism that enables comprehensive and automated interactions with the database is programmatic access. Manual interfaces might facilitate user interactions for basic operations, but they don't offer the same flexibility, efficiency, or power as programmatic access, especially in scenarios requiring large-scale data operations or integration with applications. Network protocols are more about the communication methods used to access databases rather than the direct action of querying or manipulating the data itself.

Thus, programmatic methods are indeed the most robust and essential means for querying databases, making this answer the most appropriate choice.